The 25-year-old strained a muscle in his thigh during a practice match, meaning he will not be able to play in their opening clash against Chile.
"He suffered a strain to his left thigh," said team doctor Rodrigo Lasmar.
"We'll take another look, but he is unlikely to recover from this in just two days to make the Chile game."
Kleberson is one of Brazil's most important players in a largely inexperienced squad and his absence will be a blow for coach Carlos Alberto Parreira.
Brazil also have doubts over goalkeeper Julio Cesar and midfielder Julio Baptista - who could miss their second game against Costa Rica as well, because of tendon problems.
